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Cystitis

Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder wall. In practical urological terminology, the word "cystitis" is commonly used to denote a symptomatic urinary tract infection, with manifestations of inflammation of the bladder mucosa, impaired function, and changes in urine sediment.

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder with cystitis

Signs of cystitis appear suddenly:

  • frequent urination (every 15-20 minutes);
  • acute pain during urination in small doses;
  • mixture of blood in urine (sometimes);
  • subfebrile fever.

If not treated right away, cystitis may become chronic, or the infection will infect the kidneys (kidney disease) or down the urethra (urethral disease).

According to statistical expertise, women aged 14 to 60 years experience cystitis at least once in their lives, especially sexually active women aged 20-50 who have diabetes mellitus and a history of decreased immune system function.

Modern children, as can be seen from practice, quite often suffer from cystitis, even infants and toddlers. It is sad that many parents are unable to predict the development of this disease in children.

Cystitis, based on the nature of the process, occurs:

  • acute: sudden manifestation, accompanied by local (frequent and painful urination) and general symptoms (fever, general weakness);
  • chronic: found in laboratory tests, the symptoms are mild or absent, but during exacerbation it takes an acute form.

Based on the causative factors, cystitis also occurs:

  • non -specific: against the background of conditionally pathogenic microflora (enterobacteria, candida, staphylococci, proteus, klebsiella);
  • specifically: caused by venereal disease (chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, syphilis) or renal tuberculosis.

The cause of cystitis

Most episodes of the disease have shown that the main cause of cystitis is infection by representatives of the conditional pathogenic environment of the human body - staphylococci, streptococci, Escherichia coli, as well as infections with ureaplasma and genital mycoplasma infections.

Today it is known that cystitis, the causes of which are relatively obvious, cannot be caused by just one factor.

Complex of factors that lead to the occurrence of cystitis:

  1. Free sex: the close proximity of the opening of the urethra to the vagina contributes to easy infection during intercourse with the female and male flora.
  2. Not adhering to the rules of intimate hygiene such as daily washing of the external genitalia, changing sanitary napkins and underwear frequently during menstruation, washing the genitals after sexual intercourse, maintaining the cleanliness of underwear, daily use of sanitary napkins.
  3. Chronic dysbacteriosis or vaginal candidiasis: disturbed intestines and / or vaginal microflora contribute to the growth of a population of conditional pathogenic microflora at times, and then the unusual microflora for the genital and urinary systems causes inflammatory processes, damaging the whole body.
  4. Immune system dysfunction: decreased immune defenses or local pathology of allergies significantly reduces the body's resistance to disease, which gives carte blanche to pathogenic bacteria to enter the bladder cavity easily.
  5. Infrequent urination: a woman's bladder can collect 250-500 ml of urine inside, and untimely emptying leads to structural changes in the bladder, sphincter and the creation of greenhouse conditions for infection and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms.
  6. The reduction in protective force leads to the fact that the infection freely penetrates upwards into the bladder cavity and stimulates the inflammatory process in it.
  7. Presence of Escherichia coli E. coli (in 70-95% of patients).
  8. The presence of staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus saprophyticus) in 5-20% of patients.
  9. Presence of Klebsiella spp and Proteusmirabilis (Proteus) in other patients.
  10. Bladder catheterization in men and women: sometimes leads to urethral infection. This procedure is especially dangerous for pregnant women and women who are in labor, especially in the postoperative period, when the tone of the urinary tract decreases, and gram-negative bacteria have shown activity.
  11. Content in the body of various fungi (Candida and others), chlamydia, Trichomonas, mycoplasmas and viruses.

Cystitis in the acute form, a woman can get sick several times, and the disease often becomes chronic.

In men, cystitis rarely develops, as a rule, after inflammation of the urethra, prostate gland, epididymis and seminal vesicles. The likelihood of developing cystitis increases during bladder catheterization in men suffering from prostate adenoma, one of the symptoms of which is persistent urinary retention.

Symptoms of cystitis

Cystitis is a very unpleasant and painful disease that gives a lot of uncomfortable and painful sensations to sick people, which they often face bravely, without realizing the dangers that can lead to complications of cystitis that do not heal. As a rule, acute cystitis appears suddenly, and cystitis after sexual intercourse declares itself after 8-10 hours.

The symptoms of cystitis are very painful, the most characteristic of which are:

  • cutting pain while urinating;
  • burns and cuts at the end of urination;
  • excruciating pains in the lower abdomen, sometimes unbearable;
  • feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder;
  • sometimes urinary incontinence with a strong desire to urinate (more often in children);
  • cloudy or bloody urine (hematuria);
  • sometimes a slight increase in body temperature with a slight chill.

An increase in temperature during cystitis can also indicate the possibility of inflammation in the kidneys or elsewhere, so immediately contacting a specialist is a very reasonable course of action.

It is known that women and girls suffer from cystitis more often than men and boys. Oddly enough, but the likelihood of getting cystitis during pregnancy increases significantly, although during this period any disease is very undesirable. Often, cystitis develops in the early stages of pregnancy, sometimes before the woman knows it. And to everything else, cystitis is often referred to as a non-specific or relative sign of pregnancy.

Cystitis in early pregnancy is indicated by the following symptoms:

  • various pains that can vary from mild pain in the lower abdomen with mild pain at the end of urination to sharp, cutting pain with urinary incontinence;
  • frequent urge to urinate with little urine;
  • urine may have a pungent odor, dark color;
  • persistent pain in the lumbar region;
  • slight hematuria (not always);
  • fever (optional)
  • menstrual disorders in women of childbearing age.

In the elderly and children, the symptoms of cystitis are often less obvious. Fever, abdominal pain, and nausea may be the only symptoms of cystitis.

With diseases such as cystitis, symptoms and treatment always depend entirely on the patient’s sense of responsibility for their health.

Prevalence of cystitis

Acute cystitis is one of the most common diseases in urology. Often, uncomplicated cystitis is observed when bacteria only affect the mucous membrane of the bladder, leaving the submucosal layer intact.

According to scientific and statistical studies in urological practice, the prevalence of cystitis in women is 500-700 episodes per 1000 patients, and among men aged 21 to 50 years, only 6-8 cases per 1000, and the acute form of cystitis in men is observed very rarely.

The higher prevalence of cystitis in women is explained by factors:

  • the female urethra (urethra) is shorter, and its lumen is wider than that of the male urethra;
  • the external opening of the female urinary tract goes directly to the perineum, which contributes to the easy penetration of infection from the genital tract;
  • the external opening of the urethra is located near the anus, which contributes to the development of 80% of cystitis from an intestinal bacterial infection (E. Coli) that has entered the bladder from the intestinal lumen.

Cases of cystitis in girls are three to four times higher than the incidence in boys. In newborns and children under the age of 1 year, cystitis is very rare, more often the disease is detected at the age of 1 to 3 years and in adolescence (13-15 years), but most often they get sick in children from4 to 4 years. 12 years.

cystitis in the summer

However, strangely, in the warm summer, especially during the holiday period, when most women go on vacation to other climatic zones, cases of cystitis become more frequent due to:

  • holiday accommodation with the impossibility of high -quality hygiene care for intimate places;
  • body hypothermia after bathing too long in a cold reservoir;
  • failure in the normal mode of urination (flight, moving, new place), when you have to endure for a long time;
  • sudden changes in climatic zones, causing a decrease in the function of the immune system;
  • often increase sexual activity during holidays and so on.

You should immediately contact a urologist if suddenly you are unable to avoid cystitis while resting at the resort. Explain the diagnosis, take a urine test and undergo an ultrasound scan.

The latest antibacterial medications and antibiotics will speed your recovery and prevent complications (the transition of acute to chronic cystitis). The fact is that they act exclusively on the inflammatory process in the bladder, almost without affecting all organs and systems of the body, concentrating as much as possible in the urine and mucous membranes of the diseased bladder. The toxicological effects on the body are minimal.

Particularly successful in the treatment of cystitis in the summer is to take drugs from the group of fosfomycin, which have no phototoxicity, like other drugs of the same series. The drug, which does not contain components with photosensitizing and photoreactive properties, does not increase skin sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation of the sun even at low intensities, therefore it does not cause redness and burns on the skin, which means that it can be taken without violating the beach regimen.

Phosphonic acid derivatives also have an almost complete absence of side effects, which makes it possible to treat cystitis effectively and safely in children and pregnant women, taking once for uncomplicated acute cystitis. Chronic and other more serious forms of cystitis will also be successfully treated with this drug, however, the drug will be taken according to a specific scheme.

When going on a long-awaited summer vacation, it’s no exaggeration to supplement your first aid kit with broad-spectrum antibiotics as a precaution.

cystitis during pregnancy

The inflammatory process in the bladder can begin in women at any stage of pregnancy. In any case, cystitis during pregnancy will be considered complicated, and therapy should be carried out exclusively under the medical supervision of the inpatient.

The main causes of cystitis during pregnancy:

  • hemodynamic disorders;
  • the mechanical effects of the enlarged uterus on the internal organs of the transplanted small pelvis;
  • hormonal imbalance.

All of these reasons can make it difficult to empty the bladder, leading to chronic urinary retention in the bladder and infection. At the first suspicion of cystitis, a pregnant woman should immediately contact the specialist taking care of her pregnancy, who will refer her to a urologist if necessary.

Pediatric cystitis

Pediatric cystitis affects the younger generation at any age, but preschool and school-age girls-five to six times more often, and the basic reasons for this are:

  • lack of ability of girls ’ovaries to produce estrogen;
  • low barrier ability of mucous membranes and skin;
  • the short and wide urethra is "open" for the passage of pathogenic microorganisms into the bladder;
  • irregular or inadequate genital hygiene;
  • concomitant diseases that contribute to a decrease in the body’s immune defenses.

The complex of these factors contributes to the creation of favorable conditions for the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria in the urethra and bladder.

Diagnosis of cystitis

Before starting treatment, it is important to reveal all the factors that lead to the development of cystitis. Reliable diagnostics will help prescribe adequate therapy and provide medical recommendations to prevent future recurrence of the disease and prevent the transition of cystitis to a chronic form.

The following studies will help the urologist make a correct diagnosis:

  • interrogation and doctor's examination;
  • obvious symptoms;
  • urine and blood laboratory tests;
  • bacteriological studies of urine and smears from the urethra;
  • conduct special tests for the presence of nitrites and leukocytes in the urine;
  • Ultrasound of urination;
  • determine the presence of comorbidities.

If necessary, other methods of urological examination are used.

Treatment of cystitis

Cystitis how to treat? The speed and quality of treatment of cystitis, regeneration of the mucous membrane of the bladder always depends on the timeliness of diagnosis and well -chosen tactics of treatment of complex diseases of the bladder.

The selection of antibacterial drugs for the treatment of cystitis is determined by the following parameters:

  • duration of illness;
  • severity of symptoms;
  • the presence of concomitant factors and pathologies;
  • side effects of the drug, its absorption, method, rate of its excretion from the body, etc.

The effectiveness of a drug for the treatment of cystitis consists in the strength of its effect on one or another microorganism. It should be noted that pathogenic bacteria mutate and become insensitive to antibiotics. Decades ago, cystitis was very successfully treated with many bacterial medications. However, today one of the main causative agents of cystitis - E. coli - has become resistant to the effects of these drugs. In addition, previous generation antibiotics have very high levels of toxicity and many negative side effects.

When choosing a drug against cystitis pathogens, one must also take into account the cost of treatment, which will be expressed not so much in the cost of the drug itself, but in its effectiveness, long -term use and existing risks to the patient's health.

Modern drugs for the treatment of cystitis selectively act on pathogens, focusing on the bladder, thereby increasing its effectiveness. The use of the latest generation antibiotics reduces the treatment time of cystitis, reduces the risk of side effects, which cause less danger to the health of patients. Broad-spectrum antibiotics from the fosfomycin group, as an effective and safe drug, are used to treat cystitis in pregnant women and children.

How to cure cystitis? In addition to antibiotic treatment, one should not forget about other methods of treatment:

  • anti-inflammatory and analgesic therapy with antispasmodics;
  • stimulation and modulation of the immune system;
  • diet without fatty and spicy foods;
  • increased drinking regime;
  • fear of hypothermia;
  • warm heating pads in lower abdomen;
  • exclusion of anxiety, stressful situations;
  • active lifestyle;
  • phytotherapy;
  • the use of iontophoresis, UHF or inductothermy.

Remember that the presence of some gynecological diseases prohibits the use of physiotherapy and thermal procedures.

Useful Tips to Prevent Cystitis

To prevent and prevent the onset of cystitis and its recurrence, follow these simple recommendations:

  1. Follow the rules of personal intimate hygiene: wash your face at least once a day, and preferably 2 times or more, using baby soap (without harmful additives) and running water.
  2. Monitor your sexual partner for easy genital hygiene.
  3. Before and after each sexual intercourse, make sure you wash yourself with soap, and your sexual partner must do this as well.
  4. Exclude oral sex in the presence of stomatitis, tonsillitis, candidiasis and other infections of the oral cavity to prevent infection of the external genitalia and urethra through saliva.
  5. Wear clothes based on weather, not fashion. Reimbursement for a miniskirt in cold weather can be cystitis, and not just cystitis, but chronic recurrent, as well as inflammation of the appendix, which threatens with years of medical procedures, infertility and hope for recovery.
  6. Please note that frequent acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections indicate a decrease in the function of the immune system and steps need to be taken to improve the condition.
  7. Try not to hold urine when you want to urinate, otherwise not holding urine will lead to bladder infection.
  8. Adhere to a regular drinking regime - 2 liters of water a day, and in hot weather - 1-1. 5 liters left.
  9. Women are advised to use pads instead of tampons, which can compress the urethra and become a source of infection, and, consequently, the bladder.
  10. Men are advised to change underwear daily, which will protect against the occurrence of nonspecific urethritis as much as possible.
  11. When using the toilet, it is recommended to wipe from front to back, and not the other way around, to prevent the entry of intestinal bacteria into the external genitalia, from where they can enter the urethra and bladder.

Adherence to these tips will not be able to get rid of cystitis 100%, but it will help to minimize the risk of getting the disease with it.